long-term memory systems of the human brain

vast-run shop systems of the human spiritCurrent cognition is summarized ab discover long retention systems of the human brain, with retention systems defined as specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic moldes. In the posthumous 19th Century, German Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus established that valet de chambre t curio to inter al close to of what they subscribe in a class inside thirty daylights. Without both(prenominal) aid to help oneself us retain what we learn, gigantic amounts of crucial nurture ar lost. This paper breaks about the how to purify our store, how repetition improves the efficiency of computer repositing work ating, by improving physical rise up-being how it helps improving keeping, and ship government agency to step-up our depths of level of computer storage touch.IntroductionIn psychological science, storageis regu latishd by a constantly changing organization of consciousness or an organisms cogency to store, re tain, and subsequently believe study. It has been hypothesized that threesome processes go by in reckoning knowledge and registering of a stimulus, temporary tutelage of the perception, or short-run retention and undestroy qualified stor mount up of the perception, or long- consideration memory.Two major recognized types of long-term cognitive memory arProcedural memory-involving the bring back of learned skills. declaratory memory-the remembrance of specific stimuli. For long-term memory to occur there moldiness be a menstruation of breeding consolidation.A conscious sentiency in remember that they ar recollecting something of the past. Some of what we experience day to day is stored away in our minds for future reference, but untold of it is not. For example, you might describe in vivid detail the interior of a quaint sparkler cream parlor you visited last summer, but be un qualified to retr corrode what flavor ice cream you had. On closer reflection, this is single the vellicate of the inning of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. One of the interesting f subroutine upures of your memory system is that you dont control what is stored beca uptake much of our memory is submerged from conscious view. repositing is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. When you want to remember something doesnt mean that you send away remember the correct. Indeed, when you conceptualizeing, nearly of what you thinking is not stuff that you consciously try to store. You didnt try to pose the whole thing that you did to your memory. In this regard, you might be unable to remember a complete of the level offt.Its hard to grasp just how specific, or specify of your thoughts and your memories. For example, suppose you passing your neighbors ho hold, you encounter a barking click. there be some(prenominal)(prenominal) aspects of the dog that you could think about. Perhaps you could think about the sound of the dogs bark, what the dog looked identical, or the substance of the bark like why its barking, whether its barking at you, the realizable that a barking dog entrust firearme, and so on. Each of these thoughts will summit you to several(predicate) memories of the event the following(a) day. If you think about the sound of the dogs bark, the attached day youll likely remember that quite well, but not its appearance.To specify this example into broader ground, even simple concepts fuddle multiple aspects of meaning, which peerless of these you think about will determine what you remember.Literature ReviewWays to ameliorate storageThere argon 16 ways to improve our memory. The ways included convince ourselves that we do seduce a good memory that will improve, usance your brain, exercise daily, reduce stress, eat well and eat right, take give(p) pictures, give yourself time to form a memory, have vivid and memorable images, repeat things you learn to learn, group things you indigence to remember, devise your life, try meditation, stay well, build your memorization arsenal, venture out and learn from mistake and totalening to binaural beats. (Ben Rubenstein, Theresa Mulligan Tom Viren, 2010)In the oblige Improving Your Memory-Tips and Technique for Memory Enhancement (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007), they suggested the stages of memory foundation and maintenance. The stages be acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. withal that, they stated the tips for memory improvements. They suggested that brain exercises usher out improve memory because memory is just like a muscular strength, the much we work out our brain, and the better we will be able to process and remember data. Further more, they likewise stated the general guidelines and mnemonic devices to improve memory. goodish habits and nutrition to a fault suggested by them to improve our memory.In Huma n Memory What It is and How to Improve It suggested that there ar m any ways to improve our memory such as the use of certain intellectual proficiency, special dish out with nutrition and medicines (Silvia Helena Cardoso, 1997). For example, urinate memory with using it to the utmost and altercate a transformation. Pay attention, concentrate and avoid all former(a) thoughts crowd out help us to improve our memory. Other ways which bottomland improve our memory is relax, calmness and nutrition. Besides that, medication, alcohol, smoking and caffeine are believed that may interfere the memory function. Studies have shown that, when compared with non-smokers, individuals smokers of one or more packs of cigarettes a day had difficulties of remembering peoples faces and names in a test of optic and verbal memory (Turkington, 1996).We tend to forget things much easier as we age because the neurons in our brain responsible for memory lose elasticity all over time. However, he suggested some method actings to maintain a great memory for as long as possible. Sleep well is one of the methods he had suggested. Besides that, use acronyms and untried(prenominal) mnemonic devices in addition help to improve our memory. backup man and eat brain super foods also suggested by him to improve our memory. (Todd ,2007)There are 7 mnemonic devices to improve our memory. First, pegword method that is serviceable for memorizing lists of misrelated items in install with piss a opthalmic image of all(prenominal) item in the list with a peg word. Second, method of loci which is useful for memorizing lists of orthogonal items in order with commits a mental walk to memory. Third, use acronym method which creates an acronym using the first letter of separately of the items. Fourth, use the acrostic method which creates a sentence in which the first letter of each provides a cue for the strongs. Fifth, music or verse lines method bottom of the inning be use to g arment a familiar tune, rhythm or rhyme on the materials that we going to memorize. Sixth, mnemonic association is the method which associated to-be-remember materials with an aspect of the material that is hard to remember. Lastly, the chance onword method female genitalia be use for abroad diction words. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009)Almost e very(prenominal)one would like to improve their memory. The temporal lobes of the brain are laid behind the eyes and under the temples at the sides of head. The temporal lobes of the brain are associated with short-term memory and transferring memories to long-term storage. In addition, the temporal lobes are entangled with language, reading social cues, understanding music and tone of voice, and mood stability. The genus Hippocampus is an early(a) part of the brain located closer to the center and next to the temporal lobes. The hippocampus stores cutting schooling for several weeks and helps a soul learn new skills. omega-3 fatty aci d fatty acids and antioxidants are cardinal in improving our memory. (Wendy Hodsdon, ND, 2006)A multitude of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral findings have demonstrated the need for sleep after cultivation for the consolidation of memory. (Seung-Schik Yoo, Peter T Hu, Ninad Gujar, Ferenc A Jolesz and Matthew P Walker, 2007) nobble-term memory short memory-closely related to working memory-is the very short time that you keep something in mind before either dismissing it or transferring it to long-term memory. Short-term memory is shorter than you might think, lasting little than a minute. Its what allows you to remember the first half of a sentence you go through or read long enough to make sense of the end of the sentence. But in order to store that sentence (or thought, fact, idea, word, impression, sight, or any(prenominal) else) for longer than a minute or so, it has to be transferred to long-term memory.Short term memory (STM) is a limited capability store that , for example, crowd out be assessed with a digit span task. Most people stinker hold amongst fiver and nine items in STM, but by chunking items together give the axe hold more instruction. Without rehearsal, this memory hunt fades over the course of minutes. A current debate is about how much of this is due to decay alone or interference from subsequent stimuli. retreat for items often shows a J-shaped serial position curve where early and late items presented in a list are re gossiped better. Late item victory is known as the recency notion and reflects short term memory fading, while early item success is known as the primacy effect and is tough to reflect a long term store (Matlin, 1996).Short-term memory allows one to recall something from several seconds to as long as a minute without rehearsal. Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had mor e difficulty recalling collections of words that were acoustically same (e.g. dog, hog, fog, bog, log).This is the process whereby we commode take advantage of prior knowledge to tract information more effectively and hence to enhance storage and retrieval. For example, age of digits that comprised a number of familiar dates, such as 1492 1776 1945, would be easier to recall then the same 12 digits in random order.However, short-term memory has been an unexplainable phenomenon with certain individuals gifted to remember large amounts of information, quickly, and be able to recall that information in seconds. Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe(especially dorsolateral prefrontal pallium) and the parietal lobe.The limited information which manages to pass the hurdle of selective filtering is not needfully retained with any degree of permanence. It is placed in a temporary storage unit, where infor mation is held just long enough for it to be study and transferred to long term memory. teaching received is held only for about five to twenty seconds, and if it is not attended to, either decays or is lost (Magill, 2001). patch of the process of registering the information in the STM is to transform or encode it so it is capable of being rehearsed or radiation diagramd and later stored. wildness should be on rehearsing the information. It is here that the learner understands the meaning, message, intent, value and the representation of the information in relationship to other information in the memory. In labour skill tuition, it is important that coaches and teachers should take into account the qualification of the STM. If a flowerpot of information of a particular skill is given at any one time, then it is impossible for most students to remember all the instructions. So instructions are best kept brief, or broken passel into parts to the degree that attention is proper ly maintained.As we grow honest-to-god with many cognitive conditions, our short-term memory span often becomes even shorter. This makes us more likely to have trouble keeping up with certain tasks, such as remembering which button to push in a banks phone menu. It also gives our brains less time to successfully crusade new information to long-term memory, which makes us more likely to forget details of recent events, such as a story our children ordinate us or instructions our doctors give us.Long-Term Memory long-term memory, or long-term memory, is the storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time. But long-term memory is not just a more perpetual version of STM the stage model of memory suggests its a distinct kind of memory altogether.The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally have a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is available only for a certain period of time, but is not retained indefinitely . By contrast, long-term memory gougenister store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration. Its capacity is immeasurably large.semipermanent memories, on the other hand, are maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely unfold throughout the brain. The hippocampus is inwrought (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself.Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.Types of Long-Term MemoryTulving (1987) has proposed the existence of three kinds of long-term memory stage, each with distinctly different properties, and each probably based on different brain mechanisms.The three type of Long-term memoryProcedural Memory-Memory for motor movement and skills-Knowledge about how to do somethingSemantic Memory-Memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning-Memories that recall a personal moment from our pastEpisodic Memory-Knowledge about the world-Memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space-Stores as facts that make little or no reference to ones personal experiencesThese various parts of long-term memory do not operate in isolation from one another. composition it is not clear how they work together, it is clear that they are related and overlap. (Tulving,1972)Storing Information for the Long-Term MemoryTo store information over the long-term memory, you need to produce elaborate and distinctive memory records. Focusing on the meaning of the input, relating to be remembered information to other things in memory, and forming visual images of the input all lead to distinctive memory records. Forming a visual image is i n particular effective, and many memory aids, or mnemonic devices, are based on the use of mental imagery. Long-term memory also depends on how information is real presentedItem presented near the beginning and end of a sequence are remembered well, are as items that have been reiterate. Spaced or distributed practice turns out to be more effective than massed practice.Two major riddles related to the use of long-term memoryTo transfer the information accurately to long-term memory.To retrieve the information accurately. The primary strategy for transferring information from working memory into long-term memory is referred to as encoding or elaboration.These terms refer to the process of relating information to other information that is already stored in long-term memory. Piaget and other constructivists have developed detailed theories regarding how information is stored in long-term memory.Differences between long-term memory and STM in four major waysThe way in which informa tion is recalledThe amount of information stored in LTM is so vast, we cannot scan the entire contents of LTM when we looking for a bit of information, as we do in STM. Instead, LTM has to be indexed. We retrieve information from LTM using cues, much as we use a call number to locate a book in the library. This retrieval can be an intentional act or an unintentional one, as when perceive a particular song brings back memories of a lost love. In either case, only information relevant to the cue is retrieved, rather than the entire contents of LTM.The form in which information is stored in memoryLTM differs from STM in the kind of information that is most easily stored. You will recall that information is usually stored in STM in terms of the physical qualities of the experience (what we saw, did, tasted, touched, or heard), with a special emphasis on acoustic codes. Although sensory memories can be stored in LTM, information is stored in LTM to begin with in terms of its meaning, o r semantic codes.The reasons that forgetting occurs contrary STM, where information that is not rehearsed or processed appears to drop out the system, information stored in LTM is not just durable but in reality appears to be permanent. Not all psychologists agree that memories in LTM are permanent, but there is a great deal of evidence accompaniment this view. If memories in LTM are indeed permanent, this means that forgetting occurs in LTM not because the memory is erased buy because we are unable to retrieve in for some reason.The physical location of these functions in the brainSTM is primarily a function of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, whereas information that is stored in LTM is first integrated in the hippocampus and then transferred to the areas of the cerebral cortex involved in language and perception for permanent storage.Stages of Memory radical and MaintenanceThere are 3 stages of memory foundation and maintenance acquisition, consolidation, and retrieva l.At acquisition stage, new information enters our brain. The key to encoding information into our memory is concentration. Unless we focus on information intently, otherwise it goes in one ear and out the other.At second stage, that is consolidation, hippocampus sends a betoken to store the information as long-term memory.When we need to recall the information, we return retrieval stage. Our brain have to activate the same pattern of boldness cells used to store it. The more frequently you need the information, the easier it is to retrieve it on vigorous memorial tablet cell connections (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007).How To Improve MemoryA) Sleep wholesomeEveryone in the world needs consistently 7-8 sleeping hours to increase our memory. trance sleeping, the brain disconnects from the senses, proceeds to revising and storing memory. Besides that, the brain appears to firm up memories of newly acquired information during slee p. At day time, a quick deal can be the impetus for a solution to a problem you have been working (Todd, 2007). Sleep is necessary for memory consolidation. The amount of sleep will affect the brains ability to recall recently learned information. harmonize to recent studies conducted at the Harvard Medical School, getting a good nights sleep may improve our short-term memory and long-term relational memory (Ben Rubenstein, Theresa Mulligan Tom Viren, 2010). Insomnia would produce a chronic fatigue and would bollocks the ability of concentration and the storing of information (Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD, 1997).B) NutritionEat well and eat right are very essential to improve our memory. virtually 50-60% of the brains overall weight is pure fat, which is used as insulation for its billions of nerve cells. The better insulated a cell, the faster it sends messages and the speedier our thinking. Therefore eating foods with a healthy mix of fats is essential for long-term memory. Fish , especially wild salmon, mackerel and anchovies, and dark foliolate green vegetables are excellent choices (Todd, 2007)B vitamins, especially B6, B12 and folic acid are good for our memory. These vitamins protect neurons by breaking down an amino acid, homocysteine, which is noxious to nerve cells. These vitamins also involved in do red derivation cells, which carry atomic number 8. The best root words of B vitamins is spinach and other dark fine-leafed greens, broccoli, asparagus, strawberries, melons, black beans and other legumes, citrus fruits and soybeans (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007).Besides that, antioxidants like vitamins C, vitamins E and carotene are also essential in improve our memory. Antioxidants fight informal radicals which are highly reactive and can damage cells that can occur with age. Antioxidants interact with them safely and neutralize them. Antioxidants also improve the flow of oxygen through the bod y and brain (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). Eating many colors of fruits and vegetables ensures a wide variety of antioxidants to nourish and protect the brain. The best sources of antioxidants are blueberries and other berries, sweet potatoes, red tomatoes, spinach, broccoli, green tea, nuts and seeds, citrus fruits, liver (Wendy Hodsdon, ND, 2006).Furthermore, Omega-3 fatty acids are a major percentage of the gray affair of the brain and can also improve brain activity. They count as healthy fats, as opposed to saturated fats and trans fats, omega-3 fatty acids defend against inflammation and high cholesterol (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). The fat in the brain is essential to proper nerve function, in nerve membranes, and as a component of brain synapses. People who eat diets high in saturated fats or trans-fatty acids frequently will show signs of dementia earlier than people w ho eat fish regularly. Omega-3 fatty acids can found in wild-caught, thick(p) sea fish like wild salmon, tuna, mackerel and herring. Fish oil addition is good for the brain and memory (Wendy Hodsdon, ND, 2006).Moreover, water is also an essential source for our memory. Water help maintain the memory systems working, especially in erstwhile(a) persons. According to Dr. Trukington, lack of water in the body has an immediate and sound effect on memory, dehydration can generate confusion and other thought difficulties (Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD, 1997).C) Brain ExerciseMemory, like muscular strength, is a use it or lose it proposition. The more we work out our brain, the better we will be able to process and remember the information. Regularly employment the brain keeps it growing and spurs the development of new nerve connections that can help improve memory (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007).By developing new mental skills we can kee p our brain active and improve its physiological functioning. The mental skills can be puzzles and games like crossword and Sudoku which can practice on for several minutes per day. Novelty and sensory stimulation are the foundation of brain exercise. We can use our memory to the utmost and challenge a novelty and they can be fun. Almost any silly suggestion can work, says David Eagleman, PhD, neuroscientist and assistant professor at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. For example, if you work in an office, learn to dance. If you are a dancer, learn to deal with a computer. This could stimulate your brains neural circuits to grow. Besides that, we can try a neurabic exercise, which is an aerobic exercise for our brain. This will force us to use your faculties in unusual ways, like showering and getting dressedwith our eyes closed, take a course in a subject we dont know much about, learn a new game of strategy, cook up some recipes in an unfamiliar cuisine, pull home via a different route, brush dentition with opposite hand. Thats the most effective way to keep your synapses firing (Ben Rubenstein, Theresa Mulligan Tom Viren, 2010).D ( i) repetition PrimingDefinition the repetition effect a repeated stimulus is processed better on the second detail than on the first. (Christophe Pallier , Nuria Sebastian-Galles and Angels Colome, 1999) reiterate process of a stimulus often facilitates carrying out on a cognitive task. This facilitation is known as repetition reason and, because it can arise in the absence of conscious recollection of the real stimulus presentation, is often assumed to reveal an implicit form of memory. Repetition ready is a very reliable phenomenon and has been observed in legion(predicate) tasks for example, lexical decision (Scarborough, Cortese, and Scarborough, 1977) and word-fragment completion (Tulving, Schacter, Stark, 1982)The basic effect reported in numerous masked repetition priming studies is that manipulatin g the mistakableity of a soon presented, pattern masked skin rash word and an immediately following and distinctly visible target word produces systematic differences in target reply time (RT greater overlap = faster RTs). Such effects have typically been interpreted as reflecting processing that is started by the masked prime and then modified when the ensuing target is similar to or different from the prime along some dimension of interest (e.g., orthographic, lexical, or semantic). Because subjects are usually unaware of the identity of the prime, it is widely believed that this type of priming is predominantly sensitive to the fast feed-forward (automatic) components of word recognition (Forster, Mohan, Hector, 2003 Lamme, Zipsser, Spekreijse, 2002).Recently, several masked priming studies have reported that certain measures of neural activity are also sensitive to processes involved in visual letter and word processing (e.g., Dehaene et al., 2004 Grossi Coch, 2005 Holc omb Grainger, 2006 Petit, Grainger, Midgley, Holcomb, in press).In the late 19th Century, German Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus established thathumans forget 90% of what they learn in a class within thirty days. Without some aid tohelp us retain what we learn, massive amounts of crucial information are lost. The mostpowerful and simple technique to improve retention is repetition.D (ii) Repetitive LearningScience and plain, ancient observations have proven that humans learn massivequantities from repetition. Advertising is a primary example of this phenomenon with companies spending billions of dollars to present us with seemingly mind-numbing repeated messages. These messages work, even though they are basically passive. Repetition is even more effective when it is an active process and if repetition has meaningful results, then learning will take place. (Jarrett Thoms, 2001)Many studies have demonstrated strong compulsive effects of repetition on learning. Repeated presentati on of items increases memory for those items (Cyndi McDaniel, 2003). Repeated retrieval is also reported to improve memory. By repeating important concepts and then forcing the learner to retrieve those concepts several times, you strengthen the neural pathways, making subsequent retrieval easier and retention more durable and long-lasting. In us, memories do not naturally sit still in cold storage. (John Sutton, 2004)As repeated stimulus is processed better on the second occurrence than on the first, this shows that working memory can be reinforced via repetition, for example, students who practice more in mathematics will have a better chance to solve mathematical question easily when a similar question came out.E) Mnemonic devicesMnemonics are clues of any kind that help us remember something, usually by causing us to associate the information we want to remember with a visual image, a sentence, or a word. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009)Peg-word system. Peg-word system is a method w hich is useful for memorizing list of unrelated items in order as well as the specific numbers associated with the words. The key to success in using the peg system is visual association. We can create a visual image of each item in the list with peg word. The pegs provide cues to memory. This method using bizarre imagery helps to ensure that the cues are distinctive and unlikely to be confused with other cues. For example, pegs which is rhyme with numbers, one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, four is a door, five is a salt away and so on. Next, retard these items with the list of words we want to remember. It becomes a task similar to the imagery activity in which we had to remember word pairs using visualization. For example If we have to write an entry in your diary for school, we also have a geometry assignment due tomorrow, we also have to read a chapter from our psychology text book. We could use either a mental image of our textbook, or an image that represents th e topic in history that we are studying. Lets say we also had to walk the dog. Perhaps leash would be a good keyword. Then, we also have to remember to feed the dog dog bowl. We also computer programme to eat supper with our friends perhaps a plate or the dining board table would be good for this. We dont want to forget to brush our teeth after dinner. After dinner, you put your pajamas on, drink a glass of water, and go to sleep. We can use the peg system to track our schedule. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009)bun + journalshoe + geometry shapestree + history bookdoor + leashhive + dog bowlsticks + plateheaven + toothbrushgate + pajamasvine + waterhen + sleepMethod of loci. This method also useful for memorizing lists of unrelated items in order. We can commit a mental walk to memory that is a familiar route with separate and identifiable locations, and then create a visual image that associates each item on the list with a location on the mental walk. In order to use the method of Loci, we must first imagine a place with which we are familiar. There are several possible places we could use. We must be able to identify several locations within that one place. It is best if these locations can be given a logical order, such as clockwise, or top to bottom. As with the peg-word strategy, method of loci using bizarre imagery helps to ensure that the cues are distinctive and unlikely to be confused with other cues. For example, heres a mental walk from my front door to my driveway. The first location is my front porch, which has a birds nest by the door, the second is the sidewalk, which has a large crack, and the third is my asphalt driveway with a red paint territory. To memorize the list onion, duck, artist, I would associate onion with my front door, perhaps by putting onions in the nest instead of eggs. Then Id associate duck with the sidewalk by imagining the duck with its beak stuck in the crack, and artist with an artist admiring the paint stain on the as phalt. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009)Acronym and Acrostic. Create an acronym using the first letter of the items that we have to remember, if we can remember the acronym, we have a good cue for the items. For example, the planets, in order of their distance from the sun Mecurey, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. We can memorize using acronym method MVEMJSUNP = My in truth Earnest Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles. The colors of the rainbow, in order Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. The acronym method used to memorize is ROY G. BIV (A made-up name). (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009)Music or Rhymes. The item that we have to remember is set to a familiar tune, set to a rhythm, or made into a rhyme. Rhymes are easier to remember because they can be stored by acoustic coding (a type of short term memory coding in which us remember information by the way it sounds). Music and rhymes are always use among young children as in learning alphabet with ABC song. If we forget the words, the melody can provide a cue to help us remember it. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009)Keyword. This method is often used for foreign vocabulary words. When we would like to learn foreign language, we can find a word from any language we